The July 2003 human reference sequence (NCBI Build 34) was produced by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium.
A genome position can be specified by the accession number of a sequenced genomic clone, an mRNA or EST or STS marker, or a cytological band, a chromosomal coordinate range, or keywords from the GenBank description of an mRNA. The following list shows examples of valid position queries for the human genome. See the User's Guide for more information.
| Request: |
Genome Browser Response: |
|
| chr7 | Displays all of chromosome 7 | |
| 20p13 | Displays region for band p13 on chr 20 | |
| chr3:1-1000000 | Displays first million bases of chr 3, counting from p arm telomere | |
| scf1:1-1000000 | Displays first million bases of scaffold 1 of an unmapped genome assembly | |
| chr3:1000000+2000 | Displays a region of chr3 that spans 2000 bases, starting with position 1000000 | |
| D16S3046 | Displays region around STS marker D16S3046 from the Genethon/Marshfield maps. Includes 100,000 bases on each side as well. | |
| RH18061;RH80175 | Displays region between STS markers RH18061;RH80175. Includes 100,000 bases on each side as well. This syntax may also be used for other range queries, such as between cytobands and uniquely-determined ESTs, mRNAs, refSeqs, etc. | |
| AA205474 | Displays region of EST with GenBank accession AA205474 in BRCA1 cancer gene on chr 17 | |
| AC008101 | Displays region of clone with GenBank accession AC008101 | |
| AF083811 | Displays region of mRNA with GenBank accession number AF083811 | |
| PRNP | Displays region of genome with HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee identifier PRNP | |
| NM_017414 | Displays the region of genome with RefSeq identifier NM_017414 | |
| NP_059110 | Displays the region of genome with protein accession number NP_059110 | |
| 11274 | Displays the region of genome with LocusLink identifier 11274 | |
| pseudogene mRNA | Lists transcribed pseudogenes, but not cDNAs | |
| homeobox caudal | Lists mRNAs for caudal homeobox genes | |
| zinc finger | Lists many zinc finger mRNAs | |
| kruppel zinc finger | Lists only kruppel-like zinc fingers | |
| huntington | Lists candidate genes associated with Huntington's disease | |
| zahler | Lists mRNAs deposited by scientist named Zahler | |
| Evans,J.E. | Lists mRNAs deposited by co-author J.E. Evans | |
| Use this last format for author queries. Although GenBank requires the search format Evans JE, internally it uses the format Evans,J.E.. | ||
This sequence covers about 99 percent of the gene-containing regions in the genome, and has been sequenced to an accuracy of 99.99 percent. Of note in this release is the addition of the pseudoautosomal regions of the Y chromosome. This sequence was taken from the corresponding regions in the X chromosome and is an exact duplication of that sequence.
There are 2,843,433,602 finished sequenced bases in the ordered and oriented portion of the assembly, which is an increase of 0.4 percent, or approximately 11 Mb, over the Build 33 assembly. The reference sequence is considered to be "finished", a technical term indicating that the sequence is highly accurate (with fewer than one error per 10,000 bases) and highly contiguous (with the only remaining gaps corresponding to regions whose sequence cannot be reliably resolved with current technology). Future work on the reference sequence will focus on improving accuracy and reducing gaps in the sequence.
Some sequence joins between adjacent clones in this assembly could not be computationally validated because the clones originated from different haplotypes and contained polymorphisms in the overlapping sequence, or the overlap was too small to be to be reliable. In these instances, the sequencing center responsible for the particular chromosome has provided data to support the join in the form of an electronic certificate. These certificates may be reviewed through the link below.
For further information on NCBI Build 34, see the NCBI Build 34 release notes.
Bulk downloads of the sequence and annotation data are available from the UCSC downloads server via ftp or http. The hg16 annotation tracks were generated by UCSC and collaborators worldwide. See the Credits page for a detailed list of the organizations and individuals who contributed to the success of this release.